diff --git a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/bootstrap.py b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/bootstrap.py
index 9ff87d5ad0..ef3c3c3ef0 100644
--- a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/bootstrap.py
+++ b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/bootstrap.py
@@ -163,7 +163,18 @@ statements = []
 terminals = reduce(lambda x, y: x | y, (find_bytype(e, Terminal) for id, e in express))
 keywords = list(filter(operator.attrgetter("is_keyword"), terminals))
 negated_keywords = map(lambda s: "~%s" % s, keywords)
-no_action = {"letter", "digit", "digits", "real_literal", "integer_literal", "string_literal", "simple_string_literal", "letter", "not_quote", "not_paren_star_quote_special"}
+no_action = {
+    "letter",
+    "digit",
+    "digits",
+    "real_literal",
+    "integer_literal",
+    "string_literal",
+    "simple_string_literal",
+    "letter",
+    "not_quote",
+    "not_paren_star_quote_special",
+}
 
 while True:
     emitted_in_loop = set()
@@ -194,7 +205,9 @@ for id in to_emit:
     if id in to_combine:
         stmt = "Suppress%s" % stmt
     if id not in no_action and not isinstance(expr.contents, Keyword):
-        children = list(map(operator.attrgetter('contents'), reduce(lambda x, y: x | y, (find_bytype(e, Keyword) for e in [expr]))))
+        children = list(
+            map(operator.attrgetter("contents"), reduce(lambda x, y: x | y, (find_bytype(e, Keyword) for e in [expr])))
+        )
         has_duplicates = len(children) > len(set(children))
         node_type = "ListNode" if ("ZeroOrMore" in stmt or has_duplicates) else "Node"
         action = ".setParseAction(%s)" % (
@@ -243,5 +256,4 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         mdl = importlib.import_module(output)
         mdl.Generator(m).emit()
     sys.stdout.write(m.schema.name)
-""" % ("\n        ".join(statements))
-    )
+""" % ("\n        ".join(statements)))
diff --git a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/cat.py b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/cat.py
index d6e7b2c880..373afeb1d5 100644
--- a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/cat.py
+++ b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/cat.py
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 import sys, fileinput
 
-if sys.platform == "win32" and not hasattr(sys.stdout, 'buffer'):
+if sys.platform == "win32" and not hasattr(sys.stdout, "buffer"):
     import os, msvcrt
+
     msvcrt.setmode(sys.stdout.fileno(), os.O_BINARY)
 
 files = sys.argv[1:]
-if files[0] == '-o':
-    b = open(files[1], 'wb')
+if files[0] == "-o":
+    b = open(files[1], "wb")
     files = files[2:]
 else:
-    b = getattr(sys.stdout, 'buffer', sys.stdout)
+    b = getattr(sys.stdout, "buffer", sys.stdout)
 
-for line in fileinput.input(files=files, mode='rb'):
+for line in fileinput.input(files=files, mode="rb"):
     b.write(line)
diff --git a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/codegen.py b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/codegen.py
index fe997091b1..dfcf5083c8 100644
--- a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/codegen.py
+++ b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/codegen.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def indent(n, s):
     else:
         strs = s
     splitted = itertools.chain.from_iterable(map(functools.partial(str.split, sep="\n"), map(str, strs)))
-    return "\n".join(" "*n + l for l in splitted)
+    return "\n".join(" " * n + l for l in splitted)
 
 
 class Base:
diff --git a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/header.py b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/header.py
index 4cc8c8ea84..6059354925 100644
--- a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/header.py
+++ b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/header.py
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ from collections import defaultdict
 
 USE_VIRTUAL_INHERITANCE = True
 
+
 class Header(codegen.Base):
     def __init__(self, mapping):
         declarations = []
diff --git a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/implementation.py b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/implementation.py
index 248bbd6e86..bc4b080ad6 100644
--- a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/implementation.py
+++ b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/implementation.py
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class Implementation(codegen.Base):
                     templates.enum_from_string_stmt % dict(context, **locals()) for value in enum.values
                 ),
             )
-            
+
         if USE_VIRTUAL_INHERITANCE:
             for name, enum in mapping.schema.selects.items():
                 write(
@@ -118,10 +118,7 @@ class Implementation(codegen.Base):
 
                     null_check = ""
                     if arg["is_optional"]:
-                        attr_check = (
-                            "if(get_attribute_value(%d).isNull()) { return %%s; }"
-                            % (arg["index"] - 1,)
-                        )
+                        attr_check = "if(get_attribute_value(%d).isNull()) { return %%s; }" % (arg["index"] - 1,)
                         if "boost::optional" in arg["full_type"]:
                             null_check = attr_check % "boost::none"
                         else:
@@ -157,7 +154,7 @@ class Implementation(codegen.Base):
                             return templates.set_attr_stmt_enum
                         elif arg["is_templated_list"] and not (select or simple or express):
                             return templates.set_attr_stmt_array
-                        elif arg["full_type"].endswith('*'):
+                        elif arg["full_type"].endswith("*"):
                             return templates.set_attr_instance
                         else:
                             return templates.set_attr_stmt
@@ -178,7 +175,9 @@ class Implementation(codegen.Base):
                             "non_optional_type": arg["non_optional_type"].replace("::Value", ""),
                             "star_if_optional": "*" if "boost::optional" in arg["full_type"] else "",
                             "check_optional_set_begin": "if (v) {" if "boost::optional" in arg["full_type"] else "",
-                            "check_optional_set_else": "} else {" if "boost::optional" in arg["full_type"] else "if constexpr (false)",
+                            "check_optional_set_else": (
+                                "} else {" if "boost::optional" in arg["full_type"] else "if constexpr (false)"
+                            ),
                             "check_optional_set_end": "}" if "boost::optional" in arg["full_type"] else "",
                         },
                     )
@@ -193,11 +192,15 @@ class Implementation(codegen.Base):
                     tmpl = (
                         templates.constructor_stmt_array
                         if arg["is_templated_list"]
-                        else templates.constructor_stmt_enum
-                        if arg["is_enum"]
-                        else templates.constructor_stmt_instance
-                        if arg["full_type"].endswith('*')
-                        else templates.constructor_stmt
+                        else (
+                            templates.constructor_stmt_enum
+                            if arg["is_enum"]
+                            else (
+                                templates.constructor_stmt_instance
+                                if arg["full_type"].endswith("*")
+                                else templates.constructor_stmt
+                            )
+                        )
                     )
                     impl = tmpl % {
                         "name": deref_name,
@@ -321,7 +324,7 @@ class Implementation(codegen.Base):
                 else templates.simpletype_impl_is_without_supertype
             )
 
-            constructor = templates.constructor_single_initlist#  if superclass else templates.constructor
+            constructor = templates.constructor_single_initlist  #  if superclass else templates.constructor
 
             simpletype_impl_cast = (
                 templates.simpletype_impl_cast_templated
@@ -374,8 +377,21 @@ class Implementation(codegen.Base):
                                 ("IfcEntityInstanceData&& e",),
                                 "",
                             ),
-                            ("", "", constructor, "", ("%s v" % type_str,), ("set_attribute_value(0, v%s);" % ("->generalize()" if mapping.is_templated_list(type) else ""))) if mapping.simple_type_parent(class_name) is None else \
-                            ("v", "", constructor, "", ("%s v" % type_str,), ""),
+                            (
+                                (
+                                    "",
+                                    "",
+                                    constructor,
+                                    "",
+                                    ("%s v" % type_str,),
+                                    (
+                                        "set_attribute_value(0, v%s);"
+                                        % ("->generalize()" if mapping.is_templated_list(type) else "")
+                                    ),
+                                )
+                                if mapping.simple_type_parent(class_name) is None
+                                else ("v", "", constructor, "", ("%s v" % type_str,), "")
+                            ),
                             ("", "", templates.cast_function, type_str, (), simpletype_impl_cast),
                         ),
                     ),
diff --git a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/mapping.py b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/mapping.py
index 7ebac2478b..609f346c2c 100644
--- a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/mapping.py
+++ b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/mapping.py
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import schema
 
 from header import USE_VIRTUAL_INHERITANCE
 
+
 class Mapping:
 
     express_to_cpp_typemapping = {
diff --git a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/nodes.py b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/nodes.py
index 34d3ef747b..2b8b872c83 100644
--- a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/nodes.py
+++ b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/nodes.py
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import operator
 import collections
 import bootstrap
 
+
 class Node:
     def __init__(self, s, loc, tokens, rule=None):
         self.rule = rule or (type(self).__name__)
@@ -58,15 +59,15 @@ class ListNode:
 
         rules_as_list = set()
         for t in self.tokens:
-            r = getattr(t, 'rule', None)
+            r = getattr(t, "rule", None)
             if r:
                 rules_as_list.add(r)
                 self.dict_tokens[r].append(t)
-                
+
         for r, t in tokens.asDict().items():
             if r not in rules_as_list:
                 self.dict_tokens[r].append(t)
-                
+
         self.flat = sum([getattr(t, "flat", [t]) for t in self.tokens], [])
 
     def __repr__(self):
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ class ListNode:
 
     def __iter__(self):
         return iter(self.tokens)
-    
+
     # Somehow indexing messes up the pyparsing results, so instead of x[0] use list(x)[0]
     # def __getitem__(self, i):
     #     return self.tokens[i]
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ def format_clause(exp):
     return "".join(whitespace(term) for term in exp.flat)
 
 
-class TypeDeclaration(Node): 
+class TypeDeclaration(Node):
     name = property(lambda self: self.type_id[0])
     utype = property(lambda self: self.underlying_type.any().any())
     type = property(lambda self: self.utype[0] if isinstance(self.utype, list) else self.utype)
@@ -245,7 +246,8 @@ class NamedType(Node):
 def do_try(fn):
     try:
         return fn()
-    except: pass
+    except:
+        pass
 
 
 def get_rule_id(x):
@@ -255,8 +257,14 @@ def get_rule_id(x):
     if matches:
         return matches[0]
 
+
 rule_dependencies = {
-    k: list(map(operator.attrgetter('contents'), bootstrap.reduce(lambda x, y: x | y, (bootstrap.find_bytype(e, bootstrap.Keyword) for e in [v])))) \
+    k: list(
+        map(
+            operator.attrgetter("contents"),
+            bootstrap.reduce(lambda x, y: x | y, (bootstrap.find_bytype(e, bootstrap.Keyword) for e in [v])),
+        )
+    )
     for k, v in bootstrap.express
 }
 
@@ -264,16 +272,17 @@ all_rules = [k for k, e in bootstrap.express]
 
 rule_definitions = {k: v for k, v in bootstrap.express}
 
+
 def to_tree(x, key=None):
-        
+
     def prune(di):
         # translate class names back to grammar rules if nested actions are encountered
         di = {get_rule_id(k) or k: v for k, v in di.items()}
-        
+
         def replace_synonyms(x):
             for y in x:
                 yield y
-                if False: # y in di:
+                if False:  # y in di:
                     # production element from grammar is found in parsed data,
                     # return that.
 
@@ -292,19 +301,21 @@ def to_tree(x, key=None):
                         yield S
                         # Do this recursively
                         yield from replace_synonyms([S])
-                    
+
                     # is this a concatenation with zero or more synonyms? then also processs that
                     # @todo catches:
                     #    - simple_expression = term { add_like_op term } .
                     # but should probably also work on
                     #    - a = b { b }
                     # in which case the second Concat would be eliminated
-                    elif isinstance(rule, bootstrap.Concat) and \
-                            len(rule.contents) == 2 and \
-                            is_synonym(rule.contents[0]) and \
-                            isinstance(rule.contents[1].contents, bootstrap.Repeated) and \
-                            isinstance(rule.contents[1].contents.contents[0], bootstrap.Concat) and \
-                            str(rule.contents[1].contents.contents[0].contents[1]) == str(rule.contents[0]):
+                    elif (
+                        isinstance(rule, bootstrap.Concat)
+                        and len(rule.contents) == 2
+                        and is_synonym(rule.contents[0])
+                        and isinstance(rule.contents[1].contents, bootstrap.Repeated)
+                        and isinstance(rule.contents[1].contents.contents[0], bootstrap.Concat)
+                        and str(rule.contents[1].contents.contents[0].contents[1]) == str(rule.contents[0])
+                    ):
                         S = is_synonym(rule.contents[0])
                         yield S
                         # Do this recursively
@@ -315,13 +326,13 @@ def to_tree(x, key=None):
         if key == "aggregation_types":
             # hack hack hack apparently the parser can't distinguish these
             subrules += list(replace_synonyms(rule_dependencies["general_aggregation_types"]))
-        
+
         if rule_dependencies[key] and not subrules:
             # sometimes an intermediate production rule is missing
             # from the pyparsing output, e.g from parameter to simple_expression
             # directly. Recover from this.
             subrules = sum(map(rule_dependencies.__getitem__, rule_dependencies[key]), [])
-        
+
         if not isinstance(rule_definitions[key], bootstrap.Union):
             # Filter out terminals when not a union. E.g no
             # reason to retain TYPE, END_TYPE, but operators
@@ -331,7 +342,7 @@ def to_tree(x, key=None):
         vs = list(di.values())
 
         return {k: v for k, v in di.items() if k in subrules or (k == key and len(vs) == 1 and vs[0] not in all_rules)}
-        
+
     def simplify(di):
         if isinstance(di, list):
             if set(map(type, di)) == {str} and set(map(len, di)) == {1}:
@@ -343,11 +354,11 @@ def to_tree(x, key=None):
             return {k: simplify(v) for k, v in di.items()}
         else:
             return di
-        
+
     if isinstance(x, ListNode):
         d = to_tree(x.dict_tokens, key=get_rule_id(x) or key)
 
-        if key == 'if_stmt':
+        if key == "if_stmt":
             # The definition of if statement if (roughy):
             #   'if' expr 'then' stmt+ 'else' stmt+
             # this causes stmt to be joined under the same
@@ -355,39 +366,41 @@ def to_tree(x, key=None):
             # `else_stmt` that collects the second group
             # of stmts.
 
-            statements = x.dict_tokens['stmt']
-            
+            statements = x.dict_tokens["stmt"]
+
             else_index = None
             if_nesting = 0
-            for i, tk in enumerate(x.flat): 
-                if tk == 'if': if_nesting += 1
-                if tk == 'end_if': if_nesting -= 1
-                if tk == 'else' and if_nesting == 1:
+            for i, tk in enumerate(x.flat):
+                if tk == "if":
+                    if_nesting += 1
+                if tk == "end_if":
+                    if_nesting -= 1
+                if tk == "else" and if_nesting == 1:
                     else_index = i
 
             if else_index:
                 indices = []
                 for s in statements:
                     for i in range(max(indices, default=0), len(x.flat)):
-                        if x.flat[i:i+len(s.flat)] == s.flat:
+                        if x.flat[i : i + len(s.flat)] == s.flat:
                             indices.append(i)
                             break
 
                 assert len(indices) == len(statements)
                 before_else = [i < else_index for i in indices]
 
-                else_stmt = [st for b, st in zip(before_else, d['stmt']) if not b]
-                d['stmt'] = [st for b, st in zip(before_else, d['stmt']) if b]
+                else_stmt = [st for b, st in zip(before_else, d["stmt"]) if not b]
+                d["stmt"] = [st for b, st in zip(before_else, d["stmt"]) if b]
 
                 if else_stmt:
-                    d['else_stmt'] = else_stmt
-        
-        if key == 'formal_parameter':
+                    d["else_stmt"] = else_stmt
+
+        if key == "formal_parameter":
             # Not so pretty hack to fix the overwriting of simple_id-like
             # ast nodes. The full solution would probably to register parse
             # actions. And directly reassign.
-            pid = d['parameter_id'][0][0]
-            d['parameter_id'][0] = x.flat[:x.flat.index(pid)+1:2]
+            pid = d["parameter_id"][0][0]
+            d["parameter_id"][0] = x.flat[: x.flat.index(pid) + 1 : 2]
 
         if key is None:
             return {get_rule_id(x): d}
@@ -400,7 +413,10 @@ def to_tree(x, key=None):
     elif isinstance(x, dict):
         # d = {k: to_tree(v, key=k) for k, v in x.items()}
         # not fully understood, but when finding specific node Types and production rules, prioritize the former
-        d = {get_rule_id(k) or k: to_tree(v, key=k) for k, v in sorted(x.items(), key=lambda p: get_rule_id(p[0]) is not None)}
+        d = {
+            get_rule_id(k) or k: to_tree(v, key=k)
+            for k, v in sorted(x.items(), key=lambda p: get_rule_id(p[0]) is not None)
+        }
         return simplify(prune(d))
     elif isinstance(x, list):
         return [to_tree(v, key=key) for v in x]
@@ -459,7 +475,8 @@ class SuperTypeExpression(Node):
         else:
             constraint = self.supertype_rule[0]
         return [
-            list(list(s)[0])[0].simple_id for s in list(list(list(constraint.subtype_constraint[0].supertype_expression[0])[0])[0].one_of[0])[2::2]
+            list(list(s)[0])[0].simple_id
+            for s in list(list(list(constraint.subtype_constraint[0].supertype_expression[0])[0])[0].one_of[0])[2::2]
         ]
 
     sub_types = property(get_sub_types)
@@ -576,10 +593,11 @@ class ProcedureDeclaration(ListNode):
     @property
     def name(self):
         return self.flat[1]
-        
-        
+
+
 class FunctionDeclaration(ProcedureDeclaration):
     pass
-    
+
+
 class RuleDeclaration(ProcedureDeclaration):
     pass
diff --git a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/rule_compiler.py b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/rule_compiler.py
index 41fc6764c1..a77936d853 100644
--- a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/rule_compiler.py
+++ b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/rule_compiler.py
@@ -48,11 +48,7 @@ def to_graph(tree):
     # bootstrap.py that result in an intermediate list index node in to_tree()
 
     # Start with the intermediate nodes and filter out root (needs to have predecessors)
-    intermediate = [
-        n
-        for n in g.nodes
-        if g.nodes[n].get("label") is None and list(g.predecessors(n))
-    ]
+    intermediate = [n for n in g.nodes if g.nodes[n].get("label") is None and list(g.predecessors(n))]
 
     for n in intermediate:
         pr = list(g.predecessors(n))
@@ -82,8 +78,7 @@ def to_graph(tree):
     for n in g.nodes:
         if (
             len(list(g.successors(n))) == 0
-            and g.nodes[n].get("label")
-            not in ifcopenshell.express.express_parser.all_rules
+            and g.nodes[n].get("label") not in ifcopenshell.express.express_parser.all_rules
         ):
             g.nodes[n]["is_terminal"] = True
 
@@ -105,8 +100,7 @@ def write_dot(fn, g):
         def format(di):
             Q = '"'
             inner = ",".join(
-                f"{k}={'' if v.startswith('<') else Q}{v}{'' if v.startswith('<') else Q}"
-                for k, v in di.items()
+                f"{k}={'' if v.startswith('<') else Q}{v}{'' if v.startswith('<') else Q}" for k, v in di.items()
             )
             if inner:
                 inner = f"[{inner}]"
@@ -179,9 +173,7 @@ class context:
 
     def has_inverse(self, a):
         for r in self.rules:
-            if a in map(
-                lambda n: self.graph.nodes[n].get("label"), self.graph.predecessors(r)
-            ):
+            if a in map(lambda n: self.graph.nodes[n].get("label"), self.graph.predecessors(r)):
                 return True
         return False
 
@@ -190,10 +182,7 @@ class context:
             yield context(self.graph, [r])
 
     def descendants(self):
-        return [
-            b.rules[0][len(self.rules[0]) + 1 :]
-            for b in self.branches(allow_multiple=True)
-        ]
+        return [b.rules[0][len(self.rules[0]) + 1 :] for b in self.branches(allow_multiple=True)]
 
     def __repr__(self):
         try:
@@ -206,14 +195,11 @@ class context:
         assert len(self.rules) == 1
         nodes = itertools.chain(
             self.rules,
-            itertools.chain.from_iterable(
-                dict(nx.bfs_successors(self.graph, self.rules[0])).values()
-            ),
+            itertools.chain.from_iterable(dict(nx.bfs_successors(self.graph, self.rules[0])).values()),
         )
         terminals_or_values = list(
             filter(
-                lambda n: self.graph.nodes[n].get("is_terminal")
-                or self.graph.nodes[n].get("value"),
+                lambda n: self.graph.nodes[n].get("is_terminal") or self.graph.nodes[n].get("value"),
                 nodes,
             )
         )
@@ -375,9 +361,7 @@ def calc_{class_name}_{str(derived_attr.attribute_decl.redeclared_attribute.qual
 """
 
         if context.entity_body.derive_clause:
-            statements.extend(
-                map(format_derived, context.entity_body.derive_clause.branches())
-            )
+            statements.extend(map(format_derived, context.entity_body.derive_clause.branches()))
 
     return "\n\n".join(statements)
 
@@ -420,10 +404,12 @@ def process_expression(context):
                 exclude=[context.rel_op_extended],
             )
         else:
-            if len(context.simple_expression.branches()) == 2 and str(context.rel_op_extended) == 'in':
+            if len(context.simple_expression.branches()) == 2 and str(context.rel_op_extended) == "in":
                 # IfcBlobTexture
                 try:
-                    is_literal_str_list = set(map(type, ast.literal_eval(str(context.simple_expression.branches()[1])))) == {str}
+                    is_literal_str_list = set(
+                        map(type, ast.literal_eval(str(context.simple_expression.branches()[1])))
+                    ) == {str}
                 except:
                     is_literal_str_list = False
                 if is_literal_str_list:
@@ -567,9 +553,7 @@ def process_function_decl(context):
         str.lower,
         map(
             str,
-            context.function_head.formal_parameter.parameter_id.branches(
-                allow_multiple=True
-            ),
+            context.function_head.formal_parameter.parameter_id.branches(allow_multiple=True),
         ),
     )
     return f"def {context.function_head.function_id}({', '.join(arguments)}):\n{indent(4, context.algorithm_head.local_decl)}\n{indent(4, context.stmt.branches())}"
@@ -582,9 +566,7 @@ def process_query(context):
 def process_local_variable(context):
     if context.expression:
         expr = str(context.expression)
-        if (
-            context.parameter_type.generalized_types.general_aggregation_types.general_set_type
-        ):
+        if context.parameter_type.generalized_types.general_aggregation_types.general_set_type:
             expr = re.sub(r"(\[[^\]]*\])", "express_set(\\1)", expr)
 
         return "%s = %s" % (str(context.variable_id).lower(), expr)
@@ -623,9 +605,7 @@ def process_assignment(context):
     if m := re.match(r"^([^\[]+)\[([^\[]+)\]$", lhs):
         # @todo ugly regex hack
         aggr, index = m.groups()
-        return (
-            f"temp = list({aggr})\ntemp[{index}] = {context.expression}\n{aggr} = temp"
-        )
+        return f"temp = list({aggr})\ntemp[{index}] = {context.expression}\n{aggr} = temp"
     else:
         return "%s = %s" % (lhs, context.expression)
 
@@ -643,11 +623,7 @@ def process_case_action(context):
 
 def process_case_statement(context):
     branches = context.branches(
-        exclude=[
-            getattr(context, v)
-            for v in context.descendants()
-            if not v.startswith("case_action")
-        ]
+        exclude=[getattr(context, v) for v in context.descendants() if not v.startswith("case_action")]
     )
     if context.stmt and context.stmt.branches():
         branches += [f"else:\n{indent(4, context.stmt)}"]
@@ -658,9 +634,7 @@ def process_aggregate_initializer(context):
     if context.element.repetition:
         return "([%s] * %s)" % (context.element.expression, context.element.repetition)
     else:
-        return "[%s]" % ",".join(
-            map(str, context.element.branches() if context.element else ())
-        )
+        return "[%s]" % ",".join(map(str, context.element.branches() if context.element else ()))
 
 
 def process_index(context):
@@ -676,9 +650,7 @@ def process_index(context):
 codegen_rule("function_call", process_function_call)
 codegen_rule(
     "actual_parameter_list",
-    lambda context: ",".join(
-        map(str, context.expression.branches() if context.expression else [])
-    ),
+    lambda context: ",".join(map(str, context.expression.branches() if context.expression else [])),
 )
 codegen_rule("entity_decl", functools.partial(process_type_decl, "entity"))
 codegen_rule("rule_decl", process_rule_decl)
@@ -696,9 +668,7 @@ codegen_rule("simple_factor", simple_concat)
 codegen_rule("primary", simple_concat)
 codegen_rule("qualifier", simple_concat)
 codegen_rule("return_stmt", lambda context: "return %s" % context)
-codegen_rule(
-    "compound_stmt", lambda context: "\n".join(map(str, context.stmt.branches()))
-)
+codegen_rule("compound_stmt", lambda context: "\n".join(map(str, context.stmt.branches())))
 codegen_rule("if_stmt", process_if_stmt)
 codegen_rule("repeat_stmt", process_repeat_stmt)
 # codegen_rule("index", lambda context: '**express_index(%s)' % context)
@@ -707,19 +677,14 @@ codegen_rule("index_qualifier", process_index)
 codegen_rule("group_qualifier", lambda context: empty())
 codegen_rule("attribute_qualifier", lambda context: ".%s" % context)
 codegen_rule("rel_op", process_rel_op)
-codegen_rule(
-    "built_in_constant", lambda context: "None" if str(context) == "?" else str(context)
-)
+codegen_rule("built_in_constant", lambda context: "None" if str(context) == "?" else str(context))
 codegen_rule("assignment_stmt", process_assignment)
 codegen_rule("local_variable", process_local_variable)
 codegen_rule("local_decl", lambda context: "\n".join(map(str, context.branches())))
 codegen_rule("general_ref/parameter_ref", make_lowercase)
 codegen_rule(
     "qualifiable_factor/attribute_ref",
-    make_lowercase_if(
-        lambda context: str(context)
-        not in set(map(str, schema.all_declarations.keys()))
-    ),
+    make_lowercase_if(lambda context: str(context) not in set(map(str, schema.all_declarations.keys()))),
 )
 codegen_rule("case_action", process_case_action)
 codegen_rule("case_stmt", process_case_statement)
@@ -824,17 +789,17 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     import subprocess
 
     schema = ifcopenshell.express.express_parser.parse(sys.argv[1]).schema
-    
+
     try:
         ifcopenshell.ifcopenshell_wrapper.schema_by_name(schema.name)
     except:
         # @nb note the difference here between:
-        # 
+        #
         #  - ifcopenshell.express.express_parser.parse
         #  - ifcopenshell.express.parse.parse
-        # 
+        #
         # First generates a pyparsing AST
-        # 
+        #
         # Second populates a latebound schema
         # that can be registered in C++.
         builder = ifcopenshell.express.parse(sys.argv[1])
@@ -1056,13 +1021,13 @@ INDETERMINATE = indeterminate_type()
                     if isinstance(v, str):
                         nl = "\n"
                         es = "\\n"
-                        n[
-                            "label"
-                        ] = f'<<table cellborder="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td><b>{n.get("label")}</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left" balign="left">{v.replace("<", "&lt;").replace(">", "&gt;").replace(nl, "<br/>")}</td></tr></table>>'
+                        n["label"] = (
+                            f'<<table cellborder="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td><b>{n.get("label")}</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left" balign="left">{v.replace("<", "&lt;").replace(">", "&gt;").replace(nl, "<br/>")}</td></tr></table>>'
+                        )
                     elif isinstance(v, empty):
-                        n[
-                            "label"
-                        ] = f'<<table cellborder="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td><b>{n.get("label")}</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left" balign="left">---</td></tr></table>>'
+                        n["label"] = (
+                            f'<<table cellborder="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td><b>{n.get("label")}</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left" balign="left">---</td></tr></table>>'
+                        )
 
             fn = f"{nm}.dot"
             write_dot(fn, G)
diff --git a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/schema.py b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/schema.py
index ebb050d1ae..315db817b6 100644
--- a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/schema.py
+++ b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/schema.py
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ if tuple(map(int, platform.python_version_tuple())) < (2, 7):
 
     collections.OrderedDict = ordereddict.OrderedDict
 
+
 # According to ISO 10303-11 7.1.2: Letters: "... The case of
 # letters is significant only within explicit string literals."
 class OrderedCaseInsensitiveDict_KeyObject(str):
@@ -92,23 +93,21 @@ class Schema:
 
         sort = lambda d: OrderedCaseInsensitiveDict(sorted(d))
 
-        declarations = [
-            d.any()[0]
-            for d in schema_declarations
-            if d.rule == "declaration"
-        ] + [
-            d
-            for d in schema_declarations
-            if d.rule == "RuleDeclaration"
+        declarations = [d.any()[0] for d in schema_declarations if d.rule == "declaration"] + [
+            d for d in schema_declarations if d.rule == "RuleDeclaration"
         ]
-        
+
         self.types = sort([(t.name, t) for t in declarations if isinstance(t, nodes.TypeDeclaration)])
         self.entities = sort([(t.name, t) for t in declarations if isinstance(t, nodes.EntityDeclaration)])
         self.rules = sort([(t.name, t) for t in declarations if isinstance(t, nodes.RuleDeclaration)])
         self.functions = sort([(t.name, t) for t in declarations if isinstance(t, nodes.FunctionDeclaration)])
 
-        self.keys = list(self.types.keys()) + list(self.entities.keys()) + list(self.rules.keys()) + list(self.functions.keys())
-        self.all_declarations = {k: v for d in (self.types, self.entities, self.rules, self.functions) for k, v in d.items()}
+        self.keys = (
+            list(self.types.keys()) + list(self.entities.keys()) + list(self.rules.keys()) + list(self.functions.keys())
+        )
+        self.all_declarations = {
+            k: v for d in (self.types, self.entities, self.rules, self.functions) for k, v in d.items()
+        }
 
         of_type = lambda *types: sort(
             [(a, b.type) for a, b in self.types.items() if any(isinstance(b.type, ty) for ty in types)]
diff --git a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/schema_class.py b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/schema_class.py
index 50a4e50c5d..d7595ad6cb 100644
--- a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/schema_class.py
+++ b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/schema_class.py
@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ class string_pool:
     def __init__(self, fn):
         self.di = {}
         self.fn = fn
+
     def append(self, v):
         def _():
             if i := self.di.get(v):
@@ -131,7 +132,9 @@ class string_pool:
                 i = len(self.di)
                 self.di[v] = i
                 return i
+
         return self.fn(_())
+
     def __iter__(self):
         return iter(self.di.keys())
 
@@ -146,9 +149,9 @@ class EarlyBoundCodeWriter:
             "",
             '#include "../ifcparse/IfcSchema.h"',
             '#include "../ifcparse/%(schema_name_title)s.h"' % self.__dict__,
-            '#include <string>',
+            "#include <string>",
             "",
-            'using namespace std::string_literals;',
+            "using namespace std::string_literals;",
             "using namespace IfcParse;",
             "",
         ]
@@ -180,18 +183,18 @@ class EarlyBoundCodeWriter:
 
         self.statements.append("{factory_placeholder}")
 
-#         self.statements.append(
-#             """
-# #if defined(__clang__)
-# __attribute__((optnone))
-# #elif defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
-# #pragma GCC push_options
-# #pragma GCC optimize ("O0")
-# #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-# #pragma optimize("", off)
-# #endif
-#         """
-#         )
+        #         self.statements.append(
+        #             """
+        # #if defined(__clang__)
+        # __attribute__((optnone))
+        # #elif defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
+        # #pragma GCC push_options
+        # #pragma GCC optimize ("O0")
+        # #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+        # #pragma optimize("", off)
+        # #endif
+        #         """
+        #         )
         self.statements.append("IfcParse::schema_definition* %s_populate_schema() {" % self.schema_name.upper())
         self.statements.append("{string_pool_placeholder}")
 
@@ -200,7 +203,7 @@ class EarlyBoundCodeWriter:
         index_in_schema = self.names.index(name)
         ref = self.strings.append(name)
         self.statements.append(
-            '    %(schema_name)s_types[%(index_in_schema)d] = new type_declaration(%(ref)s, %(index_in_schema)d, %(declared_type)s);'
+            "    %(schema_name)s_types[%(index_in_schema)d] = new type_declaration(%(ref)s, %(index_in_schema)d, %(declared_type)s);"
             % locals()
         )
 
@@ -210,7 +213,7 @@ class EarlyBoundCodeWriter:
         ref = self.strings.append(name)
         items = ",".join(self.strings.append(v) for v in enum.values)
         self.statements.append(
-            '    %(schema_name)s_types[%(index_in_schema)d] = new enumeration_type(%(ref)s, %(index_in_schema)d, {%(items)s});'
+            "    %(schema_name)s_types[%(index_in_schema)d] = new enumeration_type(%(ref)s, %(index_in_schema)d, {%(items)s});"
             % locals()
         )
 
@@ -218,10 +221,14 @@ class EarlyBoundCodeWriter:
         schema_name = self.schema_name.upper()
         index_in_schema = self.names.index(name)
         ref = self.strings.append(name)
-        supertype = "0" if len(type.supertypes) == 0 else "%s_types[%d]" % (self.schema_name, self.names.index(type.supertypes[0]))
+        supertype = (
+            "0"
+            if len(type.supertypes) == 0
+            else "%s_types[%d]" % (self.schema_name, self.names.index(type.supertypes[0]))
+        )
         is_abstract = "true" if type.abstract else "false"
         self.statements.append(
-            '    %(schema_name)s_types[%(index_in_schema)d] = new entity(%(ref)s, %(is_abstract)s, %(index_in_schema)d, (entity*) %(supertype)s);'
+            "    %(schema_name)s_types[%(index_in_schema)d] = new entity(%(ref)s, %(is_abstract)s, %(index_in_schema)d, (entity*) %(supertype)s);"
             % locals()
         )
 
@@ -233,73 +240,89 @@ class EarlyBoundCodeWriter:
             map(lambda v: "%s_types[%d]" % (self.schema_name, self.names.index(v)), sorted(map(str, type.values)))
         )
         self.statements.append(
-            '    %(schema_name)s_types[%(index_in_schema)d] = new select_type(%(ref)s, %(index_in_schema)d, {%(items)s});'
+            "    %(schema_name)s_types[%(index_in_schema)d] = new select_type(%(ref)s, %(index_in_schema)d, {%(items)s});"
             % locals()
         )
 
     def entity_attributes(self, name, attribute_definitions, is_derived):
         schema_name = self.schema_name.upper()
         index_in_schema = self.names.index(name)
+
         def _():
             index_in_schema = self.names.index(name)
             schema_name = self.schema_name
             for attr_name, decl_type, optional in attribute_definitions:
                 attr_name_ref = self.strings.append(attr_name)
                 optional_cpp = str(optional).lower()
-                yield 'new attribute(%(attr_name_ref)s, %(decl_type)s, %(optional_cpp)s)' % locals()
+                yield "new attribute(%(attr_name_ref)s, %(decl_type)s, %(optional_cpp)s)" % locals()
+
         attributes = ",".join(_())
         derived = ",".join(map(lambda b: str(b).lower(), is_derived))
-        self.statements.append("    ((entity*)%(schema_name)s_types[%(index_in_schema)d])->set_attributes({%(attributes)s}, {%(derived)s});" % locals())
+        self.statements.append(
+            "    ((entity*)%(schema_name)s_types[%(index_in_schema)d])->set_attributes({%(attributes)s}, {%(derived)s});"
+            % locals()
+        )
 
     def inverse_attributes(self, name, inv_attrs):
         schema_name = self.schema_name.upper()
         index_in_schema = self.names.index(name)
+
         def _():
             schema_name = self.schema_name
             index_in_schema = self.names.index(name)
             for attr_name, aggr_type, bound1, bound2, entity_ref, attribute_entity, attribute_entity_index in inv_attrs:
                 attr_name_ref = self.strings.append(attr_name)
                 opposite_index_in_schema = self.names.index(entity_ref)
-                opposite1 = '%(schema_name)s_types[%(opposite_index_in_schema)d]' % locals()
+                opposite1 = "%(schema_name)s_types[%(opposite_index_in_schema)d]" % locals()
                 opposite_index_in_schema = self.names.index(attribute_entity)
-                opposite2 = '%(schema_name)s_types[%(opposite_index_in_schema)d]' % locals()
-                yield 'new inverse_attribute(%(attr_name_ref)s, inverse_attribute::%(aggr_type)s_type, %(bound1)d, %(bound2)d, ((entity*) %(opposite1)s), ((entity*) %(opposite2)s)->attributes()[%(attribute_entity_index)d])' % locals()
+                opposite2 = "%(schema_name)s_types[%(opposite_index_in_schema)d]" % locals()
+                yield "new inverse_attribute(%(attr_name_ref)s, inverse_attribute::%(aggr_type)s_type, %(bound1)d, %(bound2)d, ((entity*) %(opposite1)s), ((entity*) %(opposite2)s)->attributes()[%(attribute_entity_index)d])" % locals()
+
         attributes = ",".join(_())
-        self.statements.append("    ((entity*) %(schema_name)s_types[%(index_in_schema)d])->set_inverse_attributes({%(attributes)s});" % locals())
+        self.statements.append(
+            "    ((entity*) %(schema_name)s_types[%(index_in_schema)d])->set_inverse_attributes({%(attributes)s});"
+            % locals()
+        )
 
     def entity_subtypes(self, name, tys):
         schema_name = self.schema_name.upper()
         index_in_schema = self.names.index(name)
-        subtypes = ",".join(map(lambda t: ("((entity*) %%(schema_name)s_types[%d])" % self.names.index(t)), tys)) % locals()
-        self.statements.append("    ((entity*) %(schema_name)s_types[%(index_in_schema)d])->set_subtypes({%(subtypes)s});" % locals())
+        subtypes = (
+            ",".join(map(lambda t: ("((entity*) %%(schema_name)s_types[%d])" % self.names.index(t)), tys)) % locals()
+        )
+        self.statements.append(
+            "    ((entity*) %(schema_name)s_types[%(index_in_schema)d])->set_subtypes({%(subtypes)s});" % locals()
+        )
 
     def finalize(self, can_be_instantiated_set):
         schema_name = self.schema_name.upper()
         schema_name_title = self.schema_name.capitalize()
+
         def _():
             schema_name = self.schema_name.upper()
             schema_name_title = self.schema_name.capitalize()
             for type_name in self.names:
                 index_in_schema = self.names.index(type_name)
                 yield "%(schema_name)s_types[%(index_in_schema)d]" % locals()
+
         declarations = ",".join(_())
         schema_name_ref = self.strings.append(schema_name)
         self.statements.append(
-            '    return new schema_definition(%(schema_name_ref)s, {%(declarations)s}, new %(schema_name)s_instance_factory());'
+            "    return new schema_definition(%(schema_name_ref)s, {%(declarations)s}, new %(schema_name)s_instance_factory());"
             % locals()
         )
-        self.statements.append("}");
+        self.statements.append("}")
 
-#         self.statements.append(
-#             """
-# #if defined(__clang__)
-# #elif defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
-# #pragma GCC pop_options
-# #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-# #pragma optimize("", on)
-# #endif
-#         """
-#         )
+        #         self.statements.append(
+        #             """
+        # #if defined(__clang__)
+        # #elif defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
+        # #pragma GCC pop_options
+        # #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+        # #pragma optimize("", on)
+        # #endif
+        #         """
+        #         )
 
         self.statements.extend(
             (
@@ -340,24 +363,18 @@ class EarlyBoundCodeWriter:
             )
         )
 
-        self.statements[self.statements.index("{factory_placeholder}")] = (
-            """
+        self.statements[self.statements.index("{factory_placeholder}")] = """
 class %(schema_name)s_instance_factory : public IfcParse::instance_factory {
     virtual IfcUtil::IfcBaseClass* operator()(const IfcParse::declaration* decl, IfcEntityInstanceData&& data) const {
         %(instance_mapping)s
     }
 };
-"""
-            % locals()
-        )
+""" % locals()
 
         ""
-        self.statements[self.statements.index("{string_pool_placeholder}")] = (
-            """
+        self.statements[self.statements.index("{string_pool_placeholder}")] = """
 const std::string strings[] = {%s};
-"""
-            % ",".join(map(lambda s: '"%s"s' % s, self.strings))
-        )
+""" % ",".join(map(lambda s: '"%s"s' % s, self.strings))
 
     def __str__(self):
         return "\n".join(self.statements)
@@ -379,16 +396,19 @@ class SchemaClass(codegen.Base):
             def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                 schema_name_upper = mapping.schema.name.upper()
                 declared_type = fn(*args, **kwargs)
-                if 'simple_type' in declared_type:
+                if "simple_type" in declared_type:
                     pass
                 else:
-                    match = re.search(r'\((\w+?_[\w+]+?_\w+?)\)', declared_type)
+                    match = re.search(r"\((\w+?_[\w+]+?_\w+?)\)", declared_type)
                     if match:
                         old_decl = match.group(1)
-                        name = old_decl.lower().replace(schema_name.lower() + '_', '').replace('_type', '')
+                        name = old_decl.lower().replace(schema_name.lower() + "_", "").replace("_type", "")
                         idx = [n.lower() for n in x.names].index(name)
-                        declared_type = declared_type.replace(old_decl, '%(schema_name_upper)s_types[%(idx)d]' % locals())
+                        declared_type = declared_type.replace(
+                            old_decl, "%(schema_name_upper)s_types[%(idx)d]" % locals()
+                        )
                 return declared_type
+
             return wrapper if code == EarlyBoundCodeWriter else fn
 
         @transform_to_indexed
diff --git a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/templates.py b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/templates.py
index e0398fd58d..564fe881a5 100644
--- a/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/templates.py
+++ b/src/ifcopenshell-python/ifcopenshell/express/templates.py
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ const IfcParse::entity& %(schema_name)s::%(name)s::Class() { return *((IfcParse:
 %(schema_name)s::%(name)s::%(name)s(%(constructor_arguments)s) : %(superclass_num_attrs)s { %(constructor_implementation)s; populate_derived(); }
 """
 
-# data_ = e; 
+# data_ = e;
 # data_ = new IfcEntityInstanceData(%(schema_name_upper)s_types[%(index_in_schema)d]);
 
 optional_attribute_description = "/// Whether the optional attribute %s is defined for this %s"
@@ -255,32 +255,16 @@ get_attr_stmt_nested_array = "%(null_check)s aggregate_of_aggregate_of_instance:
 
 get_inverse = "if (!file_) { return nullptr; } return file_->getInverse(id_, %(schema_name_upper)s_types[%(type_index)d], %(index)d)->as<%(type)s>();"
 
-set_attr_stmt = (
-    "%(check_optional_set_begin)sset_attribute_value(%(index)d, %(star_if_optional)sv);%(check_optional_set_else)sunset_attribute_value(%(index)d);%(check_optional_set_end)s"
-)
-set_attr_instance = (
-    "%(check_optional_set_begin)sset_attribute_value(%(index)d, v->as<IfcUtil::IfcBaseClass>());%(check_optional_set_else)sunset_attribute_value(%(index)d);%(check_optional_set_end)s"
-)
-set_attr_stmt_enum =  "%(check_optional_set_begin)sset_attribute_value(%(index)d, EnumerationReference(&%(non_optional_type)s::Class(), (size_t) %(star_if_optional)sv));%(check_optional_set_else)sunset_attribute_value(%(index)d);%(check_optional_set_end)s"
-set_attr_stmt_array = (
-    "%(check_optional_set_begin)sset_attribute_value(%(index)d, (%(star_if_optional)sv)->generalize());%(check_optional_set_else)sunset_attribute_value(%(index)d);%(check_optional_set_end)s"
-)
+set_attr_stmt = "%(check_optional_set_begin)sset_attribute_value(%(index)d, %(star_if_optional)sv);%(check_optional_set_else)sunset_attribute_value(%(index)d);%(check_optional_set_end)s"
+set_attr_instance = "%(check_optional_set_begin)sset_attribute_value(%(index)d, v->as<IfcUtil::IfcBaseClass>());%(check_optional_set_else)sunset_attribute_value(%(index)d);%(check_optional_set_end)s"
+set_attr_stmt_enum = "%(check_optional_set_begin)sset_attribute_value(%(index)d, EnumerationReference(&%(non_optional_type)s::Class(), (size_t) %(star_if_optional)sv));%(check_optional_set_else)sunset_attribute_value(%(index)d);%(check_optional_set_end)s"
+set_attr_stmt_array = "%(check_optional_set_begin)sset_attribute_value(%(index)d, (%(star_if_optional)sv)->generalize());%(check_optional_set_else)sunset_attribute_value(%(index)d);%(check_optional_set_end)s"
 
-constructor_stmt = (
-    "set_attribute_value(%(index)d, (%(name)s));"
-)
-constructor_stmt_enum = (
-    "set_attribute_value(%(index)d, (EnumerationReference(&%(type)s::Class(),(size_t)%(name)s)));"
-)
-constructor_stmt_array = (
-    "set_attribute_value(%(index)d, (%(name)s)->generalize());"
-)
-constructor_stmt_derived = (
-    ""
-)
-constructor_stmt_instance = (
-    "set_attribute_value(%(index)d, %(name)s ? %(name)s->as<IfcUtil::IfcBaseClass>() : (IfcUtil::IfcBaseClass*) nullptr);"
-)
+constructor_stmt = "set_attribute_value(%(index)d, (%(name)s));"
+constructor_stmt_enum = "set_attribute_value(%(index)d, (EnumerationReference(&%(type)s::Class(),(size_t)%(name)s)));"
+constructor_stmt_array = "set_attribute_value(%(index)d, (%(name)s)->generalize());"
+constructor_stmt_derived = ""
+constructor_stmt_instance = "set_attribute_value(%(index)d, %(name)s ? %(name)s->as<IfcUtil::IfcBaseClass>() : (IfcUtil::IfcBaseClass*) nullptr);"
 
 constructor_stmt_optional = " if (%(name)s) {%(stmt)s }"