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+# This file is a part of JuliaFEM.
+# License is MIT: see https://github.com/JuliaFEM/JuliaFEM.jl/blob/master/LICENSE.md
+
+"""
+Assembly material workspace for zero-allocation assembly.
+
+Defines `AssemblyMaterialWorkspace`, the per-element temporary workspace
+used during assembly. Stores material fields (e.g. stress σ, tangent 𝔻)
+and per-IP state for one element at a time and is reset between
+elements.
+
+This is different from `GlobalMaterialCache`, which stores persistent
+state across all elements and time steps.
+"""
+
+using Tensors
+using ..JuliaFEM: material_field_type, material_state_type, create_zero_field, create_zero_state
+
+"""
+    AssemblyMaterialWorkspace{FieldType, StateType}
+
+Per-element temporary workspace for material fields and state during
+assembly. Field structure (`FieldType`) is inferred from the material's
+`supported_physics()` trait; state structure (`StateType`) from
+`required_state_variables()`. Uses Array-of-Structs layout
+(`Vector{NamedTuple}`) for cache-friendly per-IP access.
+
+# Type Parameters
+- `FieldType`: NamedTuple type for material fields, e.g. `(σ=..., 𝔻=...)` for mechanics.
+- `StateType`: NamedTuple type for state, e.g. `(ε_p=..., α=..., κ=...)` for plasticity.
+
+# Fields
+- `fields::Vector{FieldType}`: material fields at each IP for ONE element.
+- `states::Vector{StateType}`: temporary state at each IP for ONE element.
+
+# Zero-Allocation Access
+
+Direct per-IP field access:
+```julia
+workspace.fields[q].σ   # stress at IP q
+workspace.fields[q].𝔻   # tangent at IP q
+```
+
+Per-IP write (reuse a pre-built NamedTuple in the hot loop):
+```julia
+fields_ref = (σ=σ_val, 𝔻=𝔻_val)
+for q in 1:nips
+    workspace.fields[q] = fields_ref
+end
+```
+
+# See Also
+- `GlobalMaterialCache`: persistent state storage for time-stepping.
+- `get_tangent` / `get_stress` / `get_tangent_vector` / `get_stress_vector`:
+  typed accessors used by domain kernels and tests.
+- `extract_tangent!`: type-stable zero-allocation tangent extraction
+  used by both COO and DOF-based assemblers.
+"""
+struct AssemblyMaterialWorkspace{FieldType<:NamedTuple, StateType<:NamedTuple} <: AbstractAssemblyMaterialWorkspace{FieldType, StateType}
+    fields::Vector{FieldType}
+    states::Vector{StateType}
+end
+
+# ============================================================================
+# ZERO-ALLOCATION FIELD EXTRACTION HELPERS
+# ============================================================================
+
+"""
+    get_tangent_vector(workspace::AssemblyMaterialWorkspace, buffer::Vector) -> Vector
+
+Extract tangent vector from AoS structure using pre-allocated buffer (zero-allocation).
+
+Updates buffer in-place and returns reference to buffer.
+This eliminates allocations from Vector() constructor in list comprehension.
+
+# Arguments
+- `workspace`: Assembly material workspace
+- `buffer`: Pre-allocated buffer (must have length >= length(workspace.fields))
+
+# Returns
+- Reference to buffer (updated in-place)
+
+# Zero-Allocation
+Direct assignment to buffer elements is zero-allocation (no Vector() constructor).
+"""
+@inline function get_tangent_vector(
+    workspace::AssemblyMaterialWorkspace{FieldType},
+    buffer::Vector{T}
+) where {FieldType, T}
+    if !hasfield(FieldType, :𝔻)
+        error("FieldType $FieldType does not have :𝔻 field")
+    end
+    # Update buffer in-place (zero allocation - direct assignment)
+    n = length(workspace.fields)
+    @inbounds for i in 1:n
+        buffer[i] = workspace.fields[i].𝔻
+    end
+    return buffer
+end
+
+"""
+    get_tangent_vector(workspace::AssemblyMaterialWorkspace) -> Vector
+
+Extract tangent vector from AoS structure (allocates new Vector).
+
+DEPRECATED: Use `get_tangent_vector(workspace, buffer)` with pre-allocated buffer
+for zero-allocation access.
+
+This version allocates a new Vector via list comprehension.
+"""
+function get_tangent_vector(workspace::AssemblyMaterialWorkspace{FieldType}) where {FieldType}
+    if !hasfield(FieldType, :𝔻)
+        error("FieldType $FieldType does not have :𝔻 field")
+    end
+    # Extract vector by accessing each field's 𝔻 component
+    # This allocates once when called, but is outside the hot loop
+    return [workspace.fields[i].𝔻 for i in 1:length(workspace.fields)]
+end
+
+"""
+    get_stress_vector(workspace::AssemblyMaterialWorkspace, buffer::Vector) -> Vector
+
+Extract stress vector from AoS structure using pre-allocated buffer
+(zero-allocation).
+
+Updates buffer in-place and returns the same buffer.
+"""
+@inline function get_stress_vector(
+    workspace::AssemblyMaterialWorkspace{FieldType},
+    buffer::Vector{T}
+) where {FieldType, T}
+    if !hasfield(FieldType, :σ)
+        error("FieldType $FieldType does not have :σ field")
+    end
+    n = length(workspace.fields)
+    @inbounds for i in 1:n
+        buffer[i] = workspace.fields[i].σ
+    end
+    return buffer
+end
+
+"""
+    get_stress_vector(workspace::AssemblyMaterialWorkspace) -> Vector
+
+Extract stress vector from AoS structure.
+Creates vector by extracting σ from each field - called once outside hot loop.
+"""
+function get_stress_vector(workspace::AssemblyMaterialWorkspace{FieldType}) where {FieldType}
+    if !hasfield(FieldType, :σ)
+        error("FieldType $FieldType does not have :σ field")
+    end
+    # Extract vector by accessing each field's σ component
+    # This allocates once when called, but is outside the hot loop
+    return [workspace.fields[i].σ for i in 1:length(workspace.fields)]
+end
+
+# ============================================================================
+# ZERO-ALLOCATION FIELD ACCESSORS
+# ============================================================================
+#
+# `workspace.fields` and `workspace.states` resolve via Julia's default
+# `getproperty` since they are real struct fields. Per-IP, per-field
+# access goes through the typed accessors below (`get_stress`,
+# `get_tangent`, `get_field`) which use compile-time field-index lookup
+# in `@generated` bodies for zero-allocation reads.
+
+"""
+    get_stress(workspace::AssemblyMaterialWorkspace, ip::Int)
+
+Get stress tensor at integration point `ip` (mechanics-only fields).
+Uses compile-time field-index lookup, zero-allocation.
+
+# Examples
+```julia
+workspace = create_material_cache(LinearElastic(...), 8)
+σ = get_stress(workspace, 1)
+```
+"""
+@generated function get_stress(workspace::AssemblyMaterialWorkspace{FieldType}, ip::Int) where {FieldType}
+    # Check if FieldType has :σ field
+    if hasfield(FieldType, :σ)
+        # Get field type for type stability
+        field_type = fieldtype(FieldType, :σ)
+        
+        # Find field index in FieldType NamedTuple
+        field_names = fieldnames(FieldType)
+        σ_idx = findfirst(==(:σ), field_names)
+        if σ_idx === nothing
+            error("FieldType $FieldType does not have :σ field")
+        end
+        
+        # Access via fields[ip].σ - zero allocation (compile-time known indices)
+        return :(@inbounds return getfield(workspace.fields[ip], $σ_idx)::$field_type)
+    else
+        error("FieldType $FieldType does not have :σ field")
+    end
+end
+
+"""
+    get_tangent(workspace::AssemblyMaterialWorkspace, ip::Int)
+
+Get tangent modulus from workspace (mechanics only).
+
+# Backward Compatibility
+Replaces `workspace.𝔻[ip]` with `get_tangent(workspace, ip)`.
+
+# Examples
+```julia
+workspace = create_material_cache(LinearElastic(...), 8)
+𝔻 = get_tangent(workspace, 1)  # → Tangent at IP 1
+```
+"""
+# Accessor using @generated for compile-time field lookup
+# ============================================================================
+# TYPE-STABLE FIELD ACCESS HELPERS (Zero-Allocation)
+# ============================================================================
+
+"""
+    @generated function _get_tangent_field_index(::Type{FieldType}) where {FieldType<:NamedTuple}
+
+Get compile-time field index for `:𝔻` field in FieldType.
+
+Returns the field index as a compile-time constant, enabling type-stable `getfield` access.
+"""
+@generated function _get_tangent_field_index(::Type{FieldType}) where {FieldType<:NamedTuple}
+    field_names = fieldnames(FieldType)
+    field_idx = findfirst(==(:𝔻), field_names)
+    
+    if field_idx === nothing
+        error("FieldType $FieldType does not have field :𝔻")
+    end
+    
+    # Return the compile-time constant index
+    return field_idx
+end
+
+"""
+    extract_tangent!(buffer::AbstractVector{SymmetricTensor{4,3,Float64,36}},
+                     fields::Vector{FieldType},
+                     ::Type{FieldType}) where {FieldType<:NamedTuple}
+
+Extract tangent field `:𝔻` from fields vector into buffer (type-stable, zero-allocation).
+
+Uses compile-time field index lookup to avoid Symbol-based getfield which causes type instability.
+
+`buffer` is `AbstractVector` so the DOF-based assembler can pass either
+a plain `Vector{Buf}` or a column view into a `Matrix{Buf}` without
+copying.
+"""
+@inline function extract_tangent!(
+    buffer::AbstractVector{SymmetricTensor{4,3,Float64,36}},
+    fields::Vector{FieldType},
+    ::Type{FieldType}
+) where {FieldType<:NamedTuple}
+    # Get compile-time field index for :𝔻
+    field_idx = _get_tangent_field_index(FieldType)  # Compile-time constant!
+    n = length(fields)
+    @inbounds for i in 1:n
+        # Use compile-time known index - type-stable and zero-allocation
+        buffer[i] = getfield(fields[i], field_idx)::SymmetricTensor{4,3,Float64,36}
+    end
+    return nothing
+end
+
+@generated function get_tangent(workspace::AssemblyMaterialWorkspace{FieldType}, ip::Int) where {FieldType}
+    # Check if FieldType has :𝔻 field
+    if hasfield(FieldType, :𝔻)
+        # Get field type for type stability
+        field_type = fieldtype(FieldType, :𝔻)
+        
+        # Find field index in FieldType NamedTuple
+        field_names = fieldnames(FieldType)
+        𝔻_idx = findfirst(==(:𝔻), field_names)
+        if 𝔻_idx === nothing
+            error("FieldType $FieldType does not have :𝔻 field")
+        end
+        
+        # Access via fields[ip].𝔻 - zero allocation (compile-time known indices)
+        return :(@inbounds return getfield(workspace.fields[ip], $𝔻_idx)::$field_type)
+    else
+        error("FieldType $FieldType does not have :𝔻 field")
+    end
+end
+
+# set_fields! - CRITICAL: This function MUST be zero-allocation
+# Uses @generated function to generate code that constructs NamedTuple at compile time
+# The generated code uses getfield with compile-time indices to extract values
+# Compiler should optimize NamedTuple construction to zero allocation
+@generated function set_fields!(workspace::AssemblyMaterialWorkspace{FieldType}, ip::Int, field_values::NamedTuple) where {FieldType}
+    field_names = fieldnames(FieldType)
+    n_fields = length(field_names)
+    
+    # Generate code that extracts values using getfield with compile-time indices
+    # This avoids runtime property access overhead
+    field_accesses = [:(getfield(field_values, $i)) for i in 1:n_fields]
+    
+    # Construct NamedTuple using compile-time known structure
+    # The compiler should optimize this to zero allocation if:
+    # 1. FieldType is known at compile time (it is, via @generated)
+    # 2. Field values are already allocated (they are, from compute_stress)
+    # 3. NamedTuple wrapper can be optimized away (compiler optimization)
+    names_tuple = Expr(:tuple, [QuoteNode(n) for n in field_names]...)
+    values_tuple = Expr(:tuple, field_accesses...)
+    
+    # Generate: workspace.fields[ip] = NamedTuple{(:σ, :𝔻)}((σ_val, 𝔻_val))
+    # This should be zero-allocation after compiler optimization
+    return :(@inbounds workspace.fields[ip] = NamedTuple{$names_tuple}($values_tuple); return nothing)
+end
+
+"""
+    reset!(workspace::AssemblyMaterialWorkspace)
+
+Reset assembly material workspace to zero values.
+
+# Side Effects
+Mutates all arrays in workspace to zero.
+"""
+function reset!(workspace::AssemblyMaterialWorkspace{FieldType, StateType}) where {FieldType, StateType}
+    # `getfield` is type-stable; `getproperty` would allocate inside the loop.
+    fields = getfield(workspace, 1)
+    states = getfield(workspace, 2)
+    # Building the zero values per call is fine here — `reset!` is called once
+    # per element, not per integration point. The hot-loop variant below skips
+    # this by letting the caller pass them in.
+    zero_field = create_zero_field(FieldType)
+    zero_state = create_zero_state(StateType)
+    n = length(fields)
+    @inbounds for i in 1:n
+        fields[i] = zero_field
+        states[i] = zero_state
+    end
+    return nothing
+end
+
+# Zero-allocation overload: caller hands in the (already pre-allocated) zero
+# values, so the loop below is allocation-free.
+function reset!(
+    workspace::AssemblyMaterialWorkspace{FieldType, StateType},
+    zero_field::FieldType,
+    zero_state::StateType,
+) where {FieldType, StateType}
+    fields = getfield(workspace, 1)
+    states = getfield(workspace, 2)
+    n = length(fields)
+    @inbounds for i in 1:n
+        fields[i] = zero_field
+        states[i] = zero_state
+    end
+    return nothing
+end
+
+# ============================================================================
+# CONSTRUCTORS
+# ============================================================================
+
+"""
+    create_material_cache(material::M, max_nips::Int) -> AssemblyMaterialWorkspace{FieldType, StateType}
+        where {M <: AbstractMaterial}
+
+Create pre-allocated assembly material workspace with field and state types inferred from material traits.
+
+Uses trait system to determine:
+- `FieldType` from `material_field_type(material)` (inferred from `supported_physics()`)
+- `StateType` from `material_state_type(material)` (inferred from `required_state_variables()`)
+
+Purpose: Create temporary workspace for ONE element during assembly.
+Note: For persistent state storage, use `create_global_material_cache()` instead.
+
+# Arguments
+- `material`: Material model (type M determines field and state types)
+- `max_nips`: Maximum integration points per element
+
+# Returns
+- `AssemblyMaterialWorkspace{FieldType, StateType}` with field structure inferred from material
+
+# Type Stability
+Return type is fully inferrable:
+- `M` is concrete material type (known at compile time)
+- `FieldType = material_field_type(material)` is concrete NamedTuple type (trait dispatch)
+- `StateType = material_state_type(material)` is concrete NamedTuple type (trait dispatch)
+- Zero allocations in hot loops!
+
+# Examples
+```julia
+# Stateless material (mechanics)
+mat = LinearElastic(E=210e9, ν=0.3)
+workspace = create_material_cache(mat, 8)
+# → AssemblyMaterialWorkspace{(:σ, :𝔻), ()}
+workspace.fields[1].σ  # → Stress
+workspace.fields[1].𝔻  # → Tangent
+
+# Stateful material (mechanics with plasticity)
+mat = PerfectPlasticity(E=210e9, ν=0.3, σ_y=250e6)
+workspace = create_material_cache(mat, 8)
+# → AssemblyMaterialWorkspace{(:σ, :𝔻), (:ε_p, :α, :κ)}
+workspace.fields[1].σ  # → Stress
+workspace.states[1]    # → (ε_p=..., α=..., κ=...)
+```
+
+# See Also
+- `create_global_material_cache()`: For persistent state storage (all elements, time-stepping)
+- `material_field_type()`: Trait function to infer field structure
+"""
+function create_material_cache(material::M, max_nips::Int) where M<:AbstractMaterial
+    # Infer field type from material traits
+    FieldType = material_field_type(material)
+    StateType = material_state_type(material)
+    
+    # Create zero-initialized field NamedTuple
+    zero_field = create_zero_field(FieldType)
+    
+    # Create Vector of NamedTuples - one per integration point (AoS pattern)
+    # This matches the prototype's MaterialContext pattern
+    fields = [zero_field for _ in 1:max_nips]
+    
+    # Create zero-initialized states
+    zero_state = create_zero_state(StateType)
+    states = [zero_state for _ in 1:max_nips]
+    
+    return AssemblyMaterialWorkspace{FieldType, StateType}(fields, states)
+end